Download Q Lab on Mac 10.9.5

History of Apple tree's electric current Mac operating organisation

For the history of the classic Macintosh operating arrangement (1984–2001), see Classic Mac OS.


The history of macOS , Apple's current Mac operating system formerly named Mac Os X until 2012 and then OS X until 2016, began with the company's projection to supplant its "classic" Mac OS. That arrangement, up to and including its final release Mac Bone 9, was a direct descendant of the operating system Apple tree had used in its Macintosh computers since their introduction in 1984. However, the current macOS is a Unix operating system built on technology that had been developed at Side by side from the 1980s until Apple purchased the visitor in early on 1997.

Although information technology was originally marketed as simply "version ten" of the Mac OS (indicated by the Roman numeral "X"), information technology has a completely different codebase from Mac OS 9, too as substantial changes to its user interface. The transition was a technologically and strategically significant one. To ease the transition, versions through ten.4 were able to run Mac OS 9 and its applications in a compatibility layer.

MacOS was first released in 1999 as Mac OS X Server 1.0, with a widely released desktop version—Mac OS X 10.0—following in March 2001. Since then, several more distinct desktop and server editions of macOS take been released. Starting with Mac Bone X ten.7 Lion, macOS Server is no longer offered as a separate operating system; instead, server management tools are bachelor for purchase as an add together-on. Starting with the Intel build of Mac Bone X 10.five Leopard, near releases accept been certified as Unix systems conforming to the Single Unix Specification. [1] [ii] [iii] [four] [v]

Lion was sometimes referred to by Apple as "Mac Bone X King of beasts" and sometimes referred to as "Bone X Panthera leo", without the "Mac"; Mountain Lion was consistently referred to every bit only "Bone X Mount King of beasts", with the "Mac" beingness completely dropped. The operating system was further renamed to "macOS" starting with macOS Sierra.

macOS retained the major version number 10 throughout its development history until the release of macOS eleven Big Sur in 2020; releases of macOS have also been named after big cats (versions x.0–10.8) or locations in California (10.9–present).

The current major version, macOS 12 Monterey, was announced in WWDC 2021 [6] and released on Oct 25 of that year; [vii] the latest version of macOS 12, macOS 12.iii, was released on March 14, 2022. [eight]

Development [ edit ]

Development exterior Apple [ edit ]

A diagram of the relationships betwixt Unix systems including the ancestors of macOS

After Apple removed Steve Jobs from management in 1985, he left the company and attempted to create the "next big thing", with funding from Ross Perot [9] and himself. The result was the Side by side Figurer. As the first workstation to include a digital signal processor (DSP) and a high-chapters optical disc bulldoze, Adjacent hardware was advanced for its time, but was expensive relative to the rapidly commoditizing workstation market and marred past design problems. The hardware was phased out in 1993; notwithstanding, the company'south object-oriented operating system NeXTSTEP had a more lasting legacy.[ citation needed ]

NeXTSTEP was based on the Mach kernel developed at CMU (Carnegie Mellon University) [10] and BSD, an implementation of Unix dating back to the 1970s. It featured an object-oriented programming framework based on the Objective-C language. This environment is known today in the Mac world equally Cocoa. It also supported the innovative Enterprise Objects Framework database admission layer and WebObjects application server development environment, amidst other notable features.[ commendation needed ]

All but abandoning the thought of an operating arrangement, Next managed to maintain a business concern selling WebObjects and consulting services, only ever making minor profits in its concluding few quarters as an independent company. NeXTSTEP underwent an development into OPENSTEP which separated the object layers from the operating system below, assuasive it to run with less modification on other platforms. OPENSTEP was, for a short time, adopted by Sun and HP.

However, by this point, a number of other companies — notably Apple tree, IBM, Microsoft, and fifty-fifty Sun itself — were claiming they would soon be releasing similar object-oriented operating systems and development tools of their own. Some of these efforts, such every bit Taligent, did not fully come to fruition; others, similar Java, gained widespread adoption.[ citation needed ]

On February iv, 1997, Apple Computer acquired NeXT for $427 million, and used OPENSTEP as the footing for Mac OS X, as it was called at the time. [xi] Traces of the NeXT software heritage tin still be seen in macOS. For example, in the Cocoa development surround, the Objective-C library classes have "NS" prefixes, and the HISTORY department of the manual folio for the defaults command in macOS straightforwardly states that the command "First appeared in NeXTStep."[ citation needed ]

Internal development [ edit ]

Meanwhile, Apple tree was facing commercial difficulties of its own. The decade-former Macintosh System Software had reached the limits of its single-user, co-operative multitasking architecture, and its one time-innovative user interface was looking increasingly outdated. A massive evolution effort to replace it, known as Copland, was started in 1994, but was generally perceived exterior Apple to be a hopeless case due to political infighting and conflicting goals. By 1996, Copland was nowhere near set for release, and the projection was somewhen cancelled. Some elements of Copland were incorporated into Mac Os 8, released on July 26, 1997.

Later because the purchase of BeOS — a multimedia-enabled, multi-tasking Bone designed for hardware similar to Apple's, the visitor decided instead to acquire Next and use OPENSTEP as the basis for their new OS. Avie Tevanian took over Bone development, and Steve Jobs was brought on as a consultant. At outset, the plan was to develop a new operating organisation based almost entirely on an updated version of OPENSTEP, with the improver of a virtual machine subsystem — known as the Bluish Box — for running "classic" Macintosh applications. The result was known by the code name Rhapsody, slated for release in tardily 1998.

Apple expected that developers would port their software to the considerably more powerful OPENSTEP libraries one time they learned of its ability and flexibility. Instead, several major developers such as Adobe told Apple that this would never occur, and that they would rather leave the platform entirely. This "rejection" of Apple tree's programme was largely the result of a string of previous broken promises from Apple tree; after watching 1 "adjacent Os" subsequently another disappear and Apple tree's marketplace share dwindle, developers were not interested in doing much work on the platform at all, let alone a re-write.

Inverse direction nether Jobs [ edit ]

Apple tree's financial losses continued and the board of directors lost conviction in CEO Gil Amelio, request him to resign. The board asked Steve Jobs to atomic number 82 the company on an acting ground, essentially giving him carte blanche to make changes to render the company to profitability. When Jobs announced at the World Wide Programmer's Conference that what developers really wanted was a modern version of the Mac Os, and Apple tree was going to deliver it[ citation needed ], he was met with applause.

Over the adjacent two years, a major effort was applied to porting the original Macintosh APIs to Unix libraries known as Carbon . Mac OS applications could exist ported to Carbon without the need for a complete re-write, making them operate as native applications on the new operating system. Meanwhile, applications written using the older toolkits would be supported using the "Classic" Mac Bone 9 environment. Support for C, C++, Objective-C, Java, and Python were added, furthering developer condolement with the new platform.[ citation needed ]

During this time, the lower layers of the operating system (the Mach kernel and the BSD layers on superlative of it [12] ) were re-packaged and released under the Apple Public Source License. They became known as Darwin. The Darwin kernel provides a stable and flexible operating organization, which takes advantage of the contributions of programmers and independent open-source projects outside Apple tree; however, it sees little use outside the Macintosh community[ citation needed ].

During this period, the Java programming language had increased in popularity, and an effort was started to ameliorate Mac Java back up. This consisted of porting a loftier-speed Java virtual automobile to the platform, and exposing macOS-specific "Cocoa" APIs to the Coffee language.[ citation needed ]

The offset release of the new Os — Mac Bone X Server 1.0 — used a modified version of the Mac Os GUI, but all client versions starting with Mac Bone X Programmer Preview 3 used a new theme known as Aqua. Aqua was a substantial divergence from the Mac Os nine interface, which had evolved with footling change from that of the original Macintosh operating system: information technology incorporated full color scalable graphics, anti-aliasing of text and graphics, simulated shading and highlights, transparency and shadows, and blitheness. A new feature was the Dock, an application launcher which took advantage of these capabilities.

Despite this, Mac Bone X maintained a substantial degree of consistency with the traditional Mac Os interface and Apple's own Human Interface Guidelines, with its pull-downward menu at the top of the screen, familiar keyboard shortcuts, and support for a unmarried-button mouse. The development of Aqua was delayed somewhat by the switch from OpenStep's Brandish PostScript engine to 1 developed in-business firm that was gratis of any license restrictions, known as Quartz.[ citation needed ]

Releases [ edit ]

Annotation 1 The PowerMac G5 had special Jaguar builds.
Note ii Tiger did not back up 64-bit GUI applications, only 64-chip CLI applications. [33] [34]
Note 3 32-chip (but not 64-bit) PowerPC applications were supported on Intel processors with Rosetta.
Notation 4 64-bit Intel applications are supported on Apple silicon Macs with Rosetta ii. However, Intel-based Macs are unable to run ARM-based applications, such equally iOS and iPadOS apps.

With the exception of Mac Bone X Server i.0 and the original public beta, the get-go several macOS versions were named later on big cats. Prior to its release, version 10.0 was code named "Cheetah" internally at Apple tree, and version 10.one was code named internally as "Puma".

Afterward the code name "Jaguar" for version ten.2 received publicity in the media, Apple tree began openly using the names to promote the operating system: 10.3 was marketed as "Panther", 10.4 every bit "Tiger", 10.5 as "Leopard", 10.6 as "Snow Leopard", ten.7 as "Lion", and 10.eight every bit "Mountain Lion". "Panther", "Tiger", and "Leopard" were registered equally trademarks.

Apple registered "Lynx" and "Cougar", but these were immune to lapse. [35] Apple instead used the name of iconic locations in California for subsequent releases: ten.nine Mavericks is named after Mavericks, a popular surfing destination; 10.10 Yosemite is named after Yosemite National Park; x.11 El Capitan is named for the El Capitan rock formation in Yosemite National Park; x.12 Sierra is named for the Sierra Nevada mountain range; and 10.13 High Sierra is named for the area around the Loftier Sierra Camps.[ commendation needed ]

Public Beta: "Kodiak" [ edit ]

On September 13, 2000, Apple released a $29.95 [36] "preview" version of Mac OS Ten (internally codenamed Kodiak) in order to gain feedback from users. [37] It marked the outset public availability of the Aqua interface, and Apple made many changes to the UI based on customer feedback. Mac OS 10 Public Beta expired and ceased to role in spring 2001. [38]

Version 10.0: "Cheetah" [ edit ]

On March 24, 2001, Apple tree released Mac Bone X ten.0 (internally codenamed Cheetah). [39] The initial version was tedious, incomplete, and had very few applications bachelor at the fourth dimension of its launch, by and large from independent developers. While many critics suggested that the operating system was non ready for mainstream adoption, they recognized the importance of its initial launch as a base on which to improve. Simply releasing Mac OS X was received by the Macintosh community equally a great accomplishment, for attempts to completely overhaul the Mac OS had been underway since 1996, and delayed past countless setbacks. Post-obit some problems fixes, kernel panics became much less frequent.

Version x.one: "Puma" [ edit ]

Mac OS Ten ten.1 (internally codenamed Puma) was released on September 25, 2001. [40] It has better functioning and provided missing features, such as DVD playback. Apple released x.1 as a free upgrade CD for 10.0 users. Apple released a U.s.a.$129 upgrade CD for Mac Bone 9.

On January 7, 2002, Apple appear that Mac OS X was to be the default operating system for all Macintosh products past the end of that month. [41]

Version ten.2: "Jaguar" [ edit ]

On Baronial 23, 2002, [42] Apple followed up with Mac Bone X 10.ii Jaguar, the first release to employ its code name every bit part of the branding. [43] It brought great raw performance improvements, a sleeker look, and many powerful user-interface enhancements (over 150, according to Apple [44] ), including Quartz Farthermost for compositing graphics directly on an ATI Radeon or Nvidia GeForce2 MX AGP-based video card with at least 16 MB of VRAM, a system-broad repository for contact data in the new Accost Book, and an instant messaging client named iChat. [45] The Happy Mac which had appeared during the Mac Os startup sequence for nearly eighteen years was replaced with a large grey Apple tree logo with the introduction of Mac Bone X 10.2.

Version 10.iii: "Panther" [ edit ]

Mac OS X Panther was released on October 24, 2003. In addition to providing much improved performance, information technology also incorporated the most extensive update even so to the user interface. Panther included equally many or more than new features every bit Jaguar had the year earlier, including an updated Finder, incorporating a brushed-metal interface, Fast user switching, Exposé (Window managing director), FileVault, Safari, iChat AV (which added videoconferencing features to iChat), improved Portable Document Format (PDF) rendering and much greater Microsoft Windows interoperability. [46] Support for some early on G3 computers such equally the Ability Macintosh and PowerBook was discontinued.

Version 10.4: "Tiger" [ edit ]

Mac Bone X Tiger was released on April 29, 2005. Apple stated that Tiger independent more than than 200 new features. [47] As with Panther, certain older machines were no longer supported; Tiger requires a Mac with a born FireWire port. Among the new features, Tiger introduced Spotlight, Dashboard, Smart Folders, updated Mail service program with Smart Mailboxes, QuickTime 7, Safari 2, Automator, VoiceOver, Cadre Image and Core Video. The initial release of the Apple TV used a modified version of Tiger with a different graphical interface and fewer applications and services. [48]

On January 10, 2006, Apple released the first Intel-based Macs along with the ten.4.four update to Tiger. This operating system functioned identically on the PowerPC-based Macs and the new Intel-based machines, with the exception of the Intel release dropping support for the Classic environment. [48] Just PowerPC Macs can be booted from retail copies of the Tiger customer DVD, but there is a Universal DVD of Tiger Server 10.4.7 (8K1079) that can kick both PowerPC and Intel Macs.

Version 10.5: "Leopard" [ edit ]

Mac Bone X Leopard was released on October 26, 2007. Apple called it "the largest update of Mac OS 10". Leopard supports both PowerPC- and Intel x86-based Macintosh computers; support for the G3 processor was dropped and the G4 processor required a minimum clock rate of 867 MHz, and at least 512 MB of RAM to be installed. The unmarried DVD works for all supported Macs (including 64-bit machines). New features include a new await, an updated Finder, Time Machine, Spaces, Kicking Camp pre-installed, [49] full support for 64-bit applications (including graphical applications), new features in Mail and iChat, and a number of new security features.

Leopard is an Open Brand UNIX 03 registered production on the Intel platform. It was also the first BSD-based Os to receive UNIX 03 certification. [ane] [fifty] Leopard dropped support for the Classic Surroundings and all Classic applications, [51] and was the final version of Mac OS X to support the PowerPC architecture.

Version ten.half-dozen: "Snow Leopard" [ edit ]

Mac Os 10 Snow Leopard was released on August 28, 2009, the concluding version to be available on disc. Rather than delivering big changes to the appearance and end user functionality like the previous releases of Mac Bone X, the evolution of Snowfall Leopard was deliberately focused on "under the hood" changes, increasing the performance, efficiency, and stability of the operating organization. For most users, the nigh noticeable changes are these: the deejay space that the operating system frees up after a clean installation compared to Mac OS X ten.five Leopard, a more than responsive Finder rewritten in Cocoa, faster Time Motorcar backups, more than reliable and user friendly disk ejects, a more powerful version of the Preview application, as well equally a faster Safari web browser. [52]

An update introduced support for the Mac App Store, Apple'south digital distribution platform for macOS applications and subsequent macOS upgrades. [52] Snow Leopard simply supports machines with Intel CPUs, requires at least one GB of RAM, and drops default back up for applications built for the PowerPC architecture (Rosetta can be installed every bit an additional component to retain back up for PowerPC-simply applications). [53]

Version 10.7: "Lion" [ edit ]

Mac OS X Panthera leo was released on July 20, 2011. Information technology brought developments made in Apple'south iOS, such as an easily navigable display of installed applications (Launchpad) and (a greater use of) multi-touch gestures, to the Mac. This release removed Rosetta, making it incapable of running PowerPC applications. It dropped back up for 32-bit Intel processors and requires 2GB of memory. Changes made to the GUI (Graphical User Interface) include the Launchpad (similar to the dwelling screen of iOS devices), machine-hiding scrollbars that only appear when they are existence used, and Mission Command, which unifies Exposé, Spaces, Dashboard, and full-screen applications within a single interface. [54] Apple also fabricated changes to applications: they resume in the same land every bit they were earlier they were closed (similar to iOS). Documents auto-save by default.

Version 10.viii: "Mountain Lion" [ edit ]

Os X Mount Lion was released on July 25, 2012. Information technology incorporates some features seen in iOS 5, which include Game Center, support for iMessage in the new Messages messaging application, and Reminders as a to-practice list app dissever from iCal (which is renamed every bit Calendar, like the iOS app). It also includes support for storing iWork documents in iCloud. 2GB of memory is required. [55] Notification Heart, which makes its debut in Mountain Lion, is a desktop version like to the one in iOS five.0 and higher. Awarding popular-ups are now full-bodied on the corner of the screen, and the Center itself is pulled from the right side of the screen. Mountain Panthera leo as well includes more Chinese features, including support for Baidu as an option for Safari search engine. [56] Notification Center is added, providing an overview of alerts from applications. Notes is added, as an application carve up from Postal service, synching with its iOS counterpart [57] [58] through the iCloud service. Messages, an instant messaging software application, [59] replaces iChat. [60]

Version 10.9: "Mavericks" [ edit ]

Os Ten Mavericks was released on October 22, 2013, as a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. [61] It placed accent on battery life, Finder enhancements, other enhancements for power users, and continued iCloud integration, also as bringing more of Apple'due south iOS apps to the Os X platform. iBooks and Apple Maps applications were added. Mavericks requires 2GB of retentiveness to operate. It is the first version named under Apple'southward and so-new theme of places in California, dubbed Mavericks afterwards the surfing location. [62] [63] Unlike previous versions of Bone X, which had progressively decreasing prices since x.6, 10.ix was available at no charge to all users of uniform systems running Snow Leopard (10.6) or later, [64] starting time Apple's policy of free upgrades for life on its operating system and business organisation software. [65]

Version 10.10: "Yosemite" [ edit ]

Bone 10 Yosemite was released to the general public on Oct 16, 2014, every bit a free update through the Mac App Store worldwide. It featured a major overhaul of user interface, replaced skeuomorphism with flat graphic pattern and blurred translucency effects, following the artful introduced with iOS 7. It introduced features called Continuity and Handoff, which allow for tighter integration betwixt paired OS X and iOS devices: the user tin can handle phone calls or text messages on either their Mac or their iPhone, and edit the same Pages certificate on either their Mac or their iPad. A later update of the Bone included Photos as a replacement for iPhoto and Aperture.[ citation needed ]

Version 10.11: "El Capitan" [ edit ]

OS 10 El Capitan was revealed on June 8, 2015, during the WWDC keynote oral communication. [66] It was made available every bit a public beta in July and was fabricated available publicly on September xxx, 2015. Apple described this release as containing "Refinements to the Mac Experience" and "Improvements to System Performance" rather than new features. Refinements include public transport built into the Maps awarding, GUI improvements to the Notes application, besides every bit adopting San Francisco as the system font. Metal API, an awarding enhancing software, had debuted in this operating system, being available to "all Macs since 2012". [67]

Version x.12: "Sierra" [ edit ]

macOS Sierra was announced on June 13, 2016, during the WWDC keynote speech. The update brought Siri to macOS, featuring several Mac-specific features, similar searching for files. It also allowed websites to support Apple Pay as a method of transferring payment, using either a nearby iOS device or Touch on ID to authenticate. iCloud also received several improvements, such as the ability to store a user'south Desktop and Documents folders on iCloud so they could be synced with other Macs on the same Apple ID. It was released publicly on September 20, 2016. [68]

Version 10.xiii: "Loftier Sierra" [ edit ]

macOS High Sierra was appear on June v, 2017, during the WWDC keynote voice communication. It was released on September 25, 2017. The release includes many under-the-hood improvements, including a switch to Apple File System (APFS), the introduction of Metal ii, back up for HEVC video, and improvements to VR support. In addition, numerous changes were made to standard applications including Photos, Safari, Notes, and Spotlight. [69]

Version 10.14: "Mojave" [ edit ]

macOS Mojave was announced on June four, 2018, during the WWDC keynote speech. It was released on September 24, 2018. Some of the key new features were the Night mode, Desktop stacks and Dynamic Desktop, which changes the desktop background image to correspond to the user's electric current fourth dimension of 24-hour interval. [70]

Version 10.15: "Catalina" [ edit ]

macOS Catalina was announced on June iii, 2019, during the WWDC keynote spoken language. It was released on October 7, 2019. It primarily focuses on updates to congenital-in apps, such as replacing iTunes with separate Music, Podcasts, and Television receiver apps, redesigned Reminders and Books apps, and a new Observe My app. It also features Sidecar, which allows the user to use an iPad as a second screen for their estimator, or even simulate a graphics tablet with an Apple tree Pencil. Information technology is the outset version of macOS not to support 32-bit applications. The Dashboard application was also removed in the update. [71] [72] Since macOS Catalina, iOS apps tin can run on macOS with Project Catalyst but requires the app to be made compatible [73] dissimilar ARM-powered Silicon Macs that can run all iOS apps by default. [74]

Version 11: "Big Sur" [ edit ]

macOS Big Sur was appear on June 22, 2020, during the WWDC keynote spoken language. [75] It was released Nov 12, 2020. [76] The major version number is inverse, for the first time since "Mac OS Ten" was released, making it macOS 11. It brings ARM support, new icons, GUI changes to the system, [77] and other bug fixes.

Version 12: "Monterey" [ edit ]

macOS Monterey was announced on June seven, 2021, during the WWDC keynote spoken language. It was released on October 25, 2021. macOS Monterey introduces new features such as Universal Command, AirPlay to Mac, Shortcuts application, and more than. Universal Command allows users to use a single Keyboard and Mouse to move betwixt devices. Airplay now allows users to present and share almost anything. The Shortcuts app was also introduced to macOS, giving users access to galleries of pre-built shortcuts, designed for Macs, a service brought from iOS. Users can now besides set up shortcuts, among other things.

Timeline of Macintosh operating systems [ edit ]

Timeline of Macintosh operating systems
Mac transition to Apple Silicon iMac Pro Retina MacBook Pro MacBook Air Apple–Intel architecture Power Mac G5 Power Mac G4 iMac G3 Power Macintosh Macintosh Quadra Macintosh Portable Macintosh SE/30 Macintosh II Macintosh Plus Macintosh 128K A/UX A/UX A/UX macOS Monterey macOS Big Sur macOS Catalina macOS Mojave macOS High Sierra macOS Sierra OS X El Capitan OS X Yosemite OS X Mavericks OS X Mountain Lion Mac OS X Lion Mac OS X Snow Leopard Mac OS X Leopard Mac OS X Tiger Mac OS X Panther Mac OS X 10.2 Mac OS X 10.1 Mac OS X 10.0 Mac OS X Public Beta Mac OS X Server 1.0 MacWorks XL MacWorks XL Sun Remarketing MacWorks XL Mac OS 9 Mac OS 9 Mac OS 9 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 8 System 7 System 7 System 7 System 7 System 6 Classic Mac OS Classic Mac OS Classic Mac OS Classic Mac OS System 1 Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software) Finder (software)

Timeline of macOS versions [ edit ]

MacOS Version History

Run across also [ edit ]

References [ edit ]

  1. ^ a b The Open Group. "Mac Os X version 10.five Leopard on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification". Archived from the original on 2008-05-11. Retrieved 2007-06-12 .
  2. ^ The Open Group. "Mac Bone 10 version 10.half-dozen Leopard on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification". Archived from the original on 2014-xi-xvi. Retrieved 2013-07-eleven .
  3. ^ The Open up Group. "Mac OS X version 10.eight Mount Lion on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification". Archived from the original on 2014-11-16.
  4. ^ The Open up Group. "Mac Os X version 10.9 Mavericks on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification". Archived from the original on 2013-xi-04. Retrieved 2013-09-xviii .
  5. ^ The Open Group. "OS X version 10.10 Yosemite on Intel-based Macintosh computers certification". Archived from the original on 2014-11-ten. Retrieved 2014-11-13 .
  6. ^ "WWDC21". developer.apple.com . Retrieved 2022-03-xv .
  7. ^ "macOS Monterey: All the New Features Detailed". MacRumors . Retrieved 2022-03-16 .
  8. ^ Clover, Juli (March 14, 2022). "Apple Releases macOS Monterey 12.three With Universal Command, Spatial Audio Dynamic Caput Tracking on M1 Macs and More". MacRumors . Retrieved March xiv, 2022.
  9. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2011). Steve Jobs . Simon & Schuster. p.227. ISBN 978-1-4087-0374-viii .
  10. ^ A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Crush Programming, tertiary edition, by Mark M. Sobell, page 2
  11. ^ Linzmayer, Owen W. (1999). Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Reckoner, Inc . ISBN 9781886411289 .
  12. ^ A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors, and Shell Programming, 3rd edition by Mark Grand. Sobell, page 2
  13. ^ "Apple Announces Time to come Macintosh Operating System (Os) Strategy and Road Map". Apple tree.com. Apple Computer, Inc. 7 January 1997. Archived from the original on 16 January 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  14. ^ Davis, Jim (May 11, 1998). "OS X is the hereafter for Apple". CNET . Archived from the original on September 13, 2014. Retrieved July 17, 2013.
  15. ^ Steven Borden-Weill (April xv, 2011). "Kodiak to Panthera leo: ten years of Mac Bone X". Network Earth. Archived from the original on June 17, 2016.
  16. ^ "Apple Releases Mac OS X Programmer Preview 4 with Terminal API Specs". Apple Newsroom . Retrieved 2018-09-18 .
  17. ^ "Apple'southward Mac Os Ten to Ship on March 24". Apple Newsroom . Retrieved 2018-09-17 .
  18. ^ "Apple Previews Next Version of Mac Os X" (Press release). Apple tree. July 18, 2001. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  19. ^ "Apple Previews "Jaguar", the Next Major Release of Mac OS X" (Printing release). Apple. May 6, 2002. Archived from the original on Jan 3, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  20. ^ "Apple Previews Mac OS X "Panther"" (Press release). Apple. June 23, 2003. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved Jan ii, 2018.
  21. ^ "Steve Jobs to Kick Off Apple's Worldwide Developers Briefing 2004 with Preview of Mac OS X "Tiger"" (Press release). Apple tree. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved Jan 2, 2018.
  22. ^ "Apple Executives to Preview Mac OS X "Leopard" at WWDC 2006 Keynote" (Printing release). Apple. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  23. ^ "Road to Mac OS X Snowfall Leopard: 64-bit to the Kernel". AppleInsider. October 28, 2008. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  24. ^ "Apple tree Previews Mac Bone X Snow Leopard to Developers" (Printing release). Apple tree. June nine, 2008. Archived from the original on Nov one, 2017. Retrieved January ii, 2018.
  25. ^ "Apple Gives Sneak Peek of Mac Os X King of beasts" (Press release). Apple. October 20, 2010. Archived from the original on January three, 2018. Retrieved January ii, 2018.
  26. ^ "Older 64-bit Macs out of the moving picture for Mountain Lion". CNET. July 11, 2012. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  27. ^ "Apple tree Releases OS X Mountain Lion Developer Preview with Over 100 New Features" (Press release). Apple. February 16, 2012. Archived from the original on November 23, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  28. ^ "Mountain King of beasts Available Today From the Mac App Store" (Press release). Apple. July 25, 2012. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved Jan two, 2018.
  29. ^ "Apple tree Releases Programmer Preview of OS X Mavericks With More Than 200 New Features" (Printing release). Apple. June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on February 13, 2018. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  30. ^ "Apple tree Announces Bone X Yosemite" (Press release). Apple. June 2, 2014. Archived from the original on Oct ix, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  31. ^ "Apple Announces OS Ten El Capitan with Refined Experience & Improved Functioning" (Press release). Apple. June 8, 2015. Archived from the original on Oct 8, 2017. Retrieved January 2, 2018.
  32. ^ "Apple previews major update with macOS Sierra" (Press release). Apple tree. June 13, 2016. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Retrieved Jan 2, 2018.
  33. ^ John Siracusa (April 28, 2005). "Mac OS X ten.4 Tiger". ArsTechnica.com. p. four. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  34. ^ Apple tree (March 6, 2006). "Developing 64-flake applications". Apple tree Developer Connexion. Archived from the original on September 25, 2007. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
  35. ^ Trademark #78257226 for Panther, #78269988 for Tiger, #78270003 for Leopard, #78271630 for Cougar and #78271639 for Lynx, all registered in 2004 by Apple Computer, Inc. "U.s.a. Patent and Trademark Office". Archived from the original on December twenty, 2006. Retrieved Dec twenty, 2006.
  36. ^ John Siracusa. "Mac Os X Beta – Page i – (10/2000)". Ars Technica . Condé Nast Digital. Archived from the original on Oct thirty, 2009. Retrieved March eleven, 2010.
  37. ^ "Makefile". Apple. June 2005. Archived from the original on 2009-01-xiv. Retrieved December 15, 2008. RC Release is Kodiak (Public Beta)
  38. ^ "Mac OS X Public Beta Expires Today | News". The Mac Observer. Archived from the original on June 8, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2010.
  39. ^ Although the version is now called Cheetah by users, rare evidences can be found to prove that it was chosen and so internally. For example, a Q&A was created in 2005 which mentions it "Technical Q&A". Apple. Oct 4, 2005. Archived from the original on May 18, 2008. Retrieved December 20, 2006.
  40. ^ "Cross-Development". Apple tree. November 11, 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved December 20, 2006.
  41. ^ "Apple Makes Mac Os 10 the Default Operating System on All Macs" (Printing release). Apple tree. January 7, 2002. Retrieved December iii, 2006.
  42. ^ "Jaguar "Unleashed" at ten:20 p.m. This evening" (Press release). Apple. August 23, 2002. Retrieved Jan x, 2018.
  43. ^ The headline of the press release mention "Jaguar", while the codename was not mentioned for earlier versions. Come across Apple.com, "Jaguar" press release, compared to Mac OS X 10.0 press release and Mac Os 10 10.1 press release
  44. ^ "Apple – Mac OS X". Apple tree. August 29, 2002. Archived from the original on August 29, 2002. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
  45. ^ "Apple Previews "Jaguar," the Next Major Release of Mac Bone 10" (Press release). Apple. May half-dozen, 2002. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
  46. ^ "Apple Announces Mac OS X "Panther"" (Press release). Apple tree. October 8, 2003. Retrieved Jan 10, 2018.
  47. ^ "Apple Unleashes "Tiger Friday at 6:00 p.m." (Press release). Apple. April 28, 2005. Retrieved January x, 2018.
  48. ^ a b "Apple unveils Intel iMacs". AppleInsider. January 2006. Retrieved January x, 2018.
  49. ^ "Apple – BootCamp". Apple. 2006. Archived from the original on June 2, 2006. Retrieved June 5, 2006.
  50. ^ "Mac Bone 10 Leopard – Technology – UNIX". Leopard Engineering science Overview. Apple. Archived from the original on June ix, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2007. Leopard is now an Open Brand UNIX 03 Registered Product, befitting to the SUSv3 and POSIX 1003.1 specifications for the C API, Shell Utilities, and Threads.
  51. ^ "Do Archetype applications work with Mac Os X x.v or Intel-based Macs?". Knowledge Base of operations. Apple. Jan 13, 2006. Archived from the original on Oct 25, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007.
  52. ^ a b Reisinger, Don (January 6, 2011). "Mac App Shop launches on Snow Leopard". CNET. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on August 10, 2012.
  53. ^ Lynch, Steven (June 12, 2008). "Mac Bone X Snow Leopard Drops PowerPC Back up". HardOCP. Archived from the original on September 27, 2011. Retrieved Oct twenty, 2010.
  54. ^ "Apple – Bone Ten Panthera leo – The world'southward nearly advanced desktop operating system". Apple. October 20, 2010. Archived from the original on October 22, 2010. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  55. ^ "Apple tree – OS X Mountain Panthera leo – The world's near advanced desktop operating system". Apple tree. February sixteen, 2012. Archived from the original on February 16, 2012. Retrieved Feb 16, 2012.
  56. ^ Panzarino, Matthew (February xvi, 2012). "Apple courts China with Sina Weibo, Baidu, Youku and more integrated in Mount Lion". The Next Spider web. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012. Retrieved March 15, 2012.
  57. ^ "OS X Mountain Lion – Meet everything the new Bone 10 tin do". Apple. Section "Notes". Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved February 22, 2012.
  58. ^ Titlow, John Paul. "Apple tree'south Convergence of Desktop and Mobile Continues With Mountain Lion". ReadWriteWeb . SAY Media. Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 24 Apr 2012.
  59. ^ "Os Ten Mountain King of beasts – Inspired by iPad. Made for the Mac". Apple. Archived from the original on 2012-03-22. Retrieved 2012-03-23 .
  60. ^ Cheng, Jacqui (25 July 2012). "Os Ten Mountain Lion now available via Mac App Store". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on August 27, 2012. Retrieved September i, 2012.
  61. ^ "Apple tree Releases Developer Preview of OS X Mavericks With More than Than 200 New Features" (Printing release). Apple Inc. June x, 2013.
  62. ^ WWDC 2013 Keynote . Apple Inc. June 10, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014.
  63. ^ Ha, Anthony (Jun 10, 2013). "Apple Has A New, California-Based Naming Scheme For OS X, Starting With OS X Mavericks". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09.
  64. ^ Souppouris, Aaron (October 22, 2013). "Os Ten Mavericks now available as a free download". The Verge. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013.
  65. ^ Gupta, Poornima; Chan, Edwin (Oct 22, 2013). "Apple unveils iPad Air, new Macs for holidays". Reuters. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016.
  66. ^ "Apple Announces Os X El Capitan with Refined Experience & Improved Performance". www.apple tree.com (Press release). Retrieved Jan x, 2018.
  67. ^ Dhiraj, Rav (June 2015). "What'south New in Metal, Part 1" (PDF). Apple tree Programmer . Apple. p. 84. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2015. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
  68. ^ July 19, MacRumors Staff on; 2017. "macOS Sierra: Siri, Apple Pay for the Spider web, and More, Available Now". world wide web.macrumors.com . Retrieved 2019-07-01 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  69. ^ "macOS Loftier Sierra". Apple. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  70. ^ "macOS – Mojave Preview". Apple. Retrieved June 5, 2018.
  71. ^ June 27, MacRumors Staff on; 2019. "macOS Catalina: Just Appear, Coming This Fall". www.macrumors.com . Retrieved 2019-07-01 . {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  72. ^ How to detect 32-flake applications
  73. ^ "iOS apps will run on macOS with Project Catalyst".
  74. ^ "iOS apps will run natively on ARM-powered Macs".
  75. ^ "Apple tree introduces macOS Big Sur with a beautiful new design" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 22, 2020.
  76. ^ Haslam, Karen. "macOS Large Sur is here now... and then are the problems". Macworld Britain . Retrieved 2020-xi-20 .
  77. ^ "Apple unveils macOS 11.0 Big Sur, featuring a new aesthetic and redesigned apps". TechCrunch . Retrieved 2020-06-22 .

External links [ edit ]

Download Q Lab on Mac 10.9.5

Posted by: millerstilifich.blogspot.com